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There are some additional restrictions on code points and file names. This boot partition format is roughly based upon the earlier FAT filesystem, but the fields are in different locations. Some of these fields, especially the "sectors per track", "number of heads" and "hidden sectors" fields may contain dummy values on drives where they either do not make sense or are not determinable.
In NTFS, all file, directory and metafile data—file name, creation date, access permissions by the use of access control lists , and size—are stored as metadata in the Master File Table MFT. This abstract approach allowed easy addition of file system features during Windows NT's development—an example is the addition of fields for indexing used by the Active Directory and the Windows Search. This also enables fast file search software to locate named local files and folders included in the MFT very quickly, without requiring any other index.
The MFT structure supports algorithms which minimize disk fragmentation. The file ID also contains a reuse count to detect stale references. Locations for both files are stored in the boot sector. NTFS contains several files that define and organize the file system. All content is in an unnamed data stream, unless otherwise indicated.
SYS driver and are difficult to directly view: special purpose-built tools are needed. One such tool is the nfi.
For each file or directory described in the MFT record, there is a linear repository of stream descriptors also named attributes , packed together in one or more MFT records containing the so-called attributes list , with extra padding to fill the fixed 1 KB size of every MFT record, and that fully describes the effective streams associated with that file.
For NTFS, the standard data of files, the alternate data streams, or the index data for directories are stored as attributes. When the attribute is resident which is represented by a flag , its value is stored directly in the MFT record.
Otherwise, clusters are allocated for the data, and the cluster location information is stored as data runs in the attribute. All attributes of a given file may be displayed by using the nfi.
Windows system calls may handle alternate data streams. The amount of data that fits is highly dependent on the file's characteristics, but to bytes is common in single-stream files with non-lengthy filenames and no ACLs. The allocation map is stored in a form of data runs with compressed encoding. Each data run represents a contiguous group of clusters that store the attribute value. For files on a multi-GB volume, each entry can be encoded as 5 to 7 bytes, which means a 1 KB MFT record can store about such data runs.
The NTFS file system driver will sometimes attempt to relocate the data of some of the attributes that can be made non-resident into the clusters, and will also attempt to relocate the data stored in clusters back to the attribute inside the MFT record, based on priority and preferred ordering rules, and size constraints. Since resident files do not directly occupy clusters "allocation units" , it is possible for an NTFS volume to contain more files on a volume than there are clusters.
For example, a Subtracting system files a 64 MB log file, a 2,,byte Bitmap file, and about 25 clusters of fixed overhead leaves 19,, clusters free for files and indices. Opportunistic file locks oplocks allow clients to alter their buffering strategy for a given file or stream in order to increase performance and reduce network use. Oplocks can be used to transparently access files in the background. A network client may avoid writing information into a file on a remote server if no other process is accessing the data, or it may buffer read-ahead data if no other process is writing data.
Opportunistic locks have been enhanced in Windows 7 and Windows Server R2 with per-client oplock keys. For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems — other than NTFS — that are supported by current versions of Windows. But if some files are moved when daylight saving time DST is in effect, and other files are moved when standard time is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions.
As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft. Main article: Encrypting File System. Main article: Fork file system. Main article: NTFS reparse point.
Digital Investigation. ISSN S2CID Retrieved Retrieved 2 December Archived from the original on Windows Server Technical Reference. Microsoft Press. ISBN Retrieved 8 August The Filing Cabinet. The PC Guide. Retrieved May 30, November 1, Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 17 August Retrieved 22 September Microsoft Corporation.
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